Unlike earlier forms of statistical analysis, each feature in a deep learning model typically has little meaning to a human observer.

Their combination appears to promise greater accuracy in diagnosis than the previous generation of automated tools for image analysis, known as computer-aided detection or CAD.ĭeep learning is also increasingly used for speech recognition and, as such, is a form of natural language processing (NLP), described below. 5 Both radiomics and deep learning are most commonly found in oncology-oriented image analysis. 4 Deep learning is increasingly being applied to radiomics, or the detection of clinically relevant features in imaging data beyond what can be perceived by the human eye. A common application of deep learning in healthcare is recognition of potentially cancerous lesions in radiology images. There may be thousands of hidden features in such models, which are uncovered by the faster processing of today's graphics processing units and cloud architectures. The most complex forms of machine learning involve deep learning, or neural network models with many levels of features or variables that predict outcomes. It has been likened to the way that neurons process signals, but the analogy to the brain's function is relatively weak. It views problems in terms of inputs, outputs and weights of variables or ‘features’ that associate inputs with outputs. 2 The great majority of machine learning and precision medicine applications require a training dataset for which the outcome variable (eg onset of disease) is known this is called supervised learning.Ī more complex form of machine learning is the neural network – a technology that has been available since the 1960s has been well established in healthcare research for several decades 3 and has been used for categorisation applications like determining whether a patient will acquire a particular disease. In healthcare, the most common application of traditional machine learning is precision medicine – predicting what treatment protocols are likely to succeed on a patient based on various patient attributes and the treatment context. 1 It is a broad technique at the core of many approaches to AI and there are many versions of it. Machine learning is one of the most common forms of AI in a 2018 Deloitte survey of 1,100 US managers whose organisations were already pursuing AI, 63% of companies surveyed were employing machine learning in their businesses. Machine learning is a statistical technique for fitting models to data and to ‘learn’ by training models with data. Machine learning – neural networks and deep learning

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